Research Paper on Human Behavior Essay Example

Research Paper on Human Behavior Essay Human behavior is an ability of a person to change his actions under the influence of internal and external factors, such as culture, emotions, attitudes, values, ethics, rapport, authority, persuasion, hypnosis, genetics, coercion, etc. Human behavior can fall within common, unusual, acceptable, and inacceptable. More generally, it is the way person acts in his personal life depending on various factors including such as faith, social norms, genetics, attitude, etc. Human behavior, in contrast to social behavior, cannot be influenced by other people or be directed at them, therefore, it can be determined as most basic behavior. Its acceptability is determined by norms worked out within society. Human behavior is available for direct observation and thus is the subject of a wide range of sciences, from psychology, psychiatry, sociology, social work, anthropology, economics to behavioral ecology. The roots of the behavioral sciences dates back to antiquity. Questions in psychology and behavior of humans were also considered by Aristotle, Chrysippus, Socrates, and Plato, however, seriously scientific study of human behavior has become possible only with the emergence of the idea of evolution. Modern scientific discipline devoted to the study of human behavior are closely related and overlap in many ways, and the differences in the objects and methods contributes to a more complete disclosure of the essence of the behavior according different positions. There is currently a set of sciences studying human behavior as a multi-disciplinary area. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Human Behavior specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Human Behavior specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Human Behavior specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Psychology studies the human psyche, namely the patterns, characteristics, and development of human mental activity. The subject of the psychology of human behavior is, however, psychology has repeatedly changed the subject of it research throughout the long history of its development. Modern psychology is a science developed, based on the achievements of animal psychology, neurophysiology, and other natural sciences. Human behavior topic can be of a great interest for college and university students, who are about to write their first research paper. This topic regards a very wide question of human behavior and thus is very suitable for the beginners having small or no experience or not enough skills. To write a decent research paper on human behavior, you will need to handle a great volume of information, concerning the chosen topic. It is very important to investigate thoroughly all the various aspect of the phenomenon. Study and find relations within the issue. In addition, you will have to present your own ideas and proposition an the topic research. If there are any problems during the process of preparing, structuring, outlining, and composing your research paper on human behavior, we recommend you to look through free sample research papers on different topics in order to get an idea on how to write a good research paper in college or university. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research paper on Human Behavior topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all research paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service! .

Midland Social Security Disability Lawyers Attorneys

Midland Social Security Disability Lawyers Attorneys Midland Social Security Disability Lawyers Attorneys Midland Social Security Disability AttorneysOur law firm  features a team of experienced disability attorneys and highly skilled and knowledgeable case managers and legal assistants.We focus all of this talent and resources on one thing – helping people like you throughout the Midland area to pursue the federal disability benefits they are due.We know every little detail about the claims process, and we also know the big impact that benefits can have on our clients’ lives. We truly care about their future and work hard for them. We are proud to say that many clients come to us because they heard about us from those we served in the past.We Are Passionate About What We DoPeople often come to our office in Warren during their darkest hours. They are suffering from a physical or mental impairment that prevents them from being able to work, earn money and pay bills. They are concerned about their family and their future. Our goal is to lighten their burdens.It starts by p roviding a free case review. We take a close look at our clients’ medical, work and/or military records, explain the disability benefits options available to them and describe what seeking those benefits will involve. We also take the time to answer all of their questions and address all of their concerns.We then get to work right away on preparing an accurate and complete application for them. We go the extra mile to ensure the application includes the information that claims reviewers will need to make a decision on their claim.If a person comes to us because his or her claim was denied, we work hard to appeal the decision, including representing them at administrative hearings and, if necessary, filing a lawsuit on their behalf in federal court. Throughout the process, we keep close track of the claim’s progress and make sure our clients are kept updated.We also go beyond providing legal representation. We help our clients to find medical care, affordable housing an d assistance for other legal matters. We are truly passionate about making a meaningful difference in their lives.We charge nothing for our legal services unless and until we recover benefits for our clients. Because the SSA regulates attorney fees, it usually costs about the same no matter which firm you choose. Why not pick a firm that focuses solely on disability benefits and has the skills, experience, resources and dedication that you need to help you get through a difficult time?Read Our Client Testimonials:â€Å"Great team of lawyers and office support! Thank you, Patricia, Nancy, and Lacey for all of your help and guidance and thanks to my attorney Adam Banton for calming me at the hearing and getting me prepared. A special thanks to attorney Samantha Ball for talking to me and showing me empathy and assuring me everything was going to be ok and your words of encouragement.† – Tom P. â€Å"I was approved for disability on my first try. The team was extremely p olite, courteous, caring and very patient while explaining things to me If you have a question and call them, chances are you speak with someone right then If not, they take a message and the call is returned the same day I would highly recommend this company!† – Rhonda D. Midland is a city in the Tri-Cities region of Central Michigan  with a population of about 41,863. Midland was established as a fur trading post of the American Fur Company supervised by the post at Saginaw. Here agents purchased furs from Ojibwe trappers. The Campau family of Detroit operated an independent trading post at this location in the late 1820s.Midland County  Legal Resources:Midland County Courthouse   Get helpful information regarding the Midland County Courthouse such as location, closings, and trial court administrations.Social Security Office   Get helpful information regarding the Social Security Office such as locations, hours, and other helpful information.MidMichigan Medic al Center Midland Get information on comprehensive medical care and helpful links and resources.Practice AreasSocial Security DisabilityVeterans Disability WATCH OURLATEST VIDEOS WHAT DO OURCLIENTS SAY? FREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS Excellent place with friendly people who are always there to answer any questions you have and they get the job done! - Danette NormanDISABILITY BENEFITS DENIED? QUESTIONS?TALK WITH US FOR FREE.

The Effects of Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Effects of Smoking - Essay Example However, what they do not know is the fact that this nicotine has various harmful effects on the body. There are many anatomical diseases related to the increased level of emotions. Smoking results in stunted and weak bones. It also leads to myocardial infarction among the smokers. This problem is not only common in old aged people, but this problem is also becoming more common in young people. It leads to heart attacks by lowering down the level of good cholesterol in human blood. It also makes blood arteries more rigid and hence leads to major heart diseases. In women also, smoking result in over and under production of certain hormones which results in severe chest pains and cardiovascular diseases. A recent survey showed that smoking causes cancer in 85% of the total population of smokers. Most common amongst the types of cancers caused by smoking is lung cancer, but other types of cancers are also prevalent in the smokers. It damages the DNA in lungs and other parts of the body making it increasingly difficult to cure this perilous disease. It is also found that smokers suffer from leukemia, stomach cancers, bladders and fatal damage to kidneys and pancreas. A doctor report recently stated that almost 30% of the cervical cancers are associated with smoking. Smoking also increases the acid secretion resulting in various other problems such as ulcers.

GAAP Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GAAP - Term Paper Example These rules are widely accepted and used as a popular accounting method. â€Å"GAAP is established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board†. (InvestorWords2011) The GAAP first became a popular accounting method in the 1930’s and has been a popular method ever since. GAAP works in many different ways. The GAAP is not a required way of accounting but is preferred by many. GAAP is a way for companies to have their finances written out. The GAAP method is important and helps to insure accuracy and honesty. When businesses use the same accounting method it makes it easy to record and access materials. Statements prepared within this method are prepared with strict standards. Following standards for the GAAP method make it harder for accountants to have a chance for embezzlement or fraud. Accountants using the GAAP as a way to produce statements have very little room for error. When accountants do not use this method is when one should worry about the accuracy of the documents. It is important to remember that GAAP is a set of standards that must be followed. (Investopedia2011) Standards and rules for the GAAP are very important for creating financial documents. Financial documents prepared according to this method show accountants a specific way to prepare the documents. The rules show how to show an income, loss and many other accounting statements. There are over 100 rules that show different methods of reporting transactions. These methods are evaluated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. This board regulates and exams the rules set out by the GAAP. There are many pros and cons to using the GAAP method. The method offers many positive things to the world of accounting. Before the GAAP there was never really a set method to creating financial documents. The GAAP rules and standards allow those preparing financial documents to prepare documents in the same manner. Preparing documents in the same manner can allow other

Organisational Culture in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Culture in Social Work - Essay Example It should be noticed that the service manager of the department is respected by the staff and for this reason no conflict can be observed within the workplace as everything is appropriately regulated and monitored in accordance with the commands of the service manager. The assessment team has as a main task the completion of assessments for children in Need (as described by the Children Act 1989), for pregnant women (pre-birth assessment) or even for young people that are admitted to hospital after an episode of self-harm. Despite the well structured organizational hierarchy, the hospital’s main building looks as being ready to fall apart while no initiatives of renovation have been taken until now. This is a fact that could influence negatively the hospital’s visitors. Apart from the above issue, the hospital’s operational structure should be characterized as effective; the responsibilities have been appropriately distributed among the existed staff and the supp ort provided to the hospital’s visitors can be considered as quite satisfactory taking into account the conditions under which the hospital’s employees have to proceed with their tasks. In order to evaluate the organizational culture of the hospital we could use the theories of Brown and Schein. In accordance with the former ‘with regards to organisational culture†¦the available literature offering the interested reader an embarrassment of definitional riches; it is unsurprising that there should be a great diversity of opinion concerning what the phrase ‘organisational culture’ refers to’ (Brown (1998, p. 7). Indeed, the description of organizational structure is a challenging task if taking into consideration the fact that firms’ culture can be differentiated in accordance with the structure of the ‘internal hierarchy’, the personal attitudes of the firm’s owners and the trends of the market (who are often considered as a criterion for the

Application of Regression Analysis

Application of Regression Analysis Chapter-3 Methodology In the application of regression analysis, often the data set consist of unusual observations which are either outliers (noise) or influential observations. These observations may have large residuals and affect the parameters of the regression co-efficient and the whole regression analysis and become the source of misleading results and interpretations. Therefore it is very important to consider these suspected observations very carefully and made a decision that either these observations should be included or removed from the analysis. In regression analysis, the basic step is to determine whether one or more observations can influence the results and interpretations of the analysis. If the regression analysis have one independent variable, then it is easy to detect observations in dependent and independent variables by using scatter plot, box plot and residual plot etc. But graphical method to identify outlier and/or influential observation is a subjective approach. It is also well known that in the presence of multiple outliers there can be a masking or swamping effect. Masking (false negative) occurs when an outlying subset remains undetected due the presence of another, usually adjacent subset. Swamping (false positive) occurs when usual observation is incorrectly identified as outlier in the presence of another usually remote subset of observations. In the present study, some well known diagnostics are compared to identify multiple influential observations. For this purpose, first, robust regression methods are used to identify influential observation in Poisson regression, then to conform that the observations identified by robust regression method are genuine influential observations, some diagnostic measures based on single case deletion approach like Pearson chi-square, deviance residual, hat matrix, likelihood residual test, cook’s distance, difference of fits, squared difference in beta are considered but in the presence of masking and swamping diagnostics based on single case deletion fail to identify outlier and influential observations. Therefore to remove or minimize the masking and swamping phenomena some group deletion approaches; generalized standardized Pearson residual, generalized difference of fits, generalized squared difference in beta are taken.   Ã‚   3.2 Diagnostic measures based on single case deletion This section presents the detail of single case deleted measures which are used to identify multiple influential observations in Poisson regression model. These measures are change in Pearson chi-square, change in deviance, hat matrix, likelihood residual test, cook’s distance, difference of fits (DFFITS),squared difference in beta(SDBETA). Pearson chi-square To show the amount of change in Poisson regression estimates that would occurred if the kth observation is deleted, Pearson χ2 statistic is proposed to detect the outlier. Such diagnostic statistics are one that examine the effected of deleting single case on the overall summary measures of fit. Let denotes the Pearson χ2 and denotes the statistic after the case k is deleted. Using one-step linear approximations given by Pregibon (1981). The decrease in the value of statistics due to deletion of the kth case is Δ = Ë- , k=1,2,3,†¦..,n 3.1 is defined as: 3.2 = And for the kth deleted case is: = 3.3 Deviance residual The one-step linear approximation for change in deviance when the kth case is deleted is: ΔD = D Ë- D(-k) 3.4 Because the deviance is used to measure the goodness of fit of a model, a substantial decrease in the deviance after the deletion of the kth observation is indicate that is observation is a misfit. The deviance of Poisson regression with kth observation is: D=2 3.5 Where = exp ( D(-k)= 2 3.6 A larger value of ΔD(-k) indicates that the kth value is an outlier. Hat matrix: The Hat matrix is used in residual diagnostics to measure the influence of each observation. The hat values, hii, are the diagonal entries of the Hat matrix which is calculated using H=V1/2X(XTVX)-1XTV1/2 3.7 Where V=diag[var(yi)(ii)]-1 var(yi)=E(yi)= In Poisson regression model =i) = (,where g function is usually called the link function and With the log link in Poisson regression i= = V=diag( 3.8 (XTVX)-1 is an estimated covariance matrix of and hii is the ith diagonal element of Hat matrix H. The properties of the diagonal element of hat matrix i.e leverage values are 0 and Where k indicates the parameter of the regression model with intercept term. An observation is said to be influential if ckn. where c is a suitably constant 2 and 3 or more. Using twice the mean thumb rule suggested by Hoaglin and Welsch (1978), an observation with 2kn considered as influential. Likelihood residual test For the detection of outliers, Williams (1987) introduced the likelihood residual. The squared likelihood residual is a weighted average of the squared standardized deviance and Pearson residual is defined as: 3.9 and it is approximately equals to likelihood ratio test for testing whether an observation is an outlier and it also called approximate studentized residual, is standardized Pearson residual is defined as: = 3.10 is standardized deviance residual is defined as: = 3.11 = sign( Where is called the deviance residual and it is another popular residual because the sum of square of these residual is a deviance statistic. Because the average value, KN, of hi is small is much closer to than to ,and therefore also approximately normally distributed. An observation is considered to be influential if |t(1, n Difference of fits test (DFFITS) Difference of fits test for Poisson regression is defined as: (DFFITS)i= , i=1,2,3,†¦..,n 3.12 Where and are respectively the ith fitted response and an estimated standard error with the ith observation is deleted. DFFITS can be expressed in terms of standardized Pearson residuals and leverage values as: (DFFITS)i= 3.13 = = An observation is said to be influential if the value of DFFITS 2. Cook’s Distance: Cook (1977) suggests the statistics which measures the change in parameter estimates caused by deleting each observation, and defined as: CDi= 3.14 Where is estimated parameter of without ith observation. There is also a relationship between difference of fits test and Cook’s distance which can be expressed as: CDi= 3.15 Using approximation suggested by Pregibon’s C.D can be expressed as: () 3.16 Observation with CD value greater than 1 is treated as an influential. Squared Difference in Beta (SDFBETA) The measure is originated from the idea of Cook’s distance (1977) based on single case deletion diagnostic and brings a modification in DFBETA (Belsley et al., 1980), and it is defined as (SDFBETA)i = 3.17 After some necessary calculation SDFBETA can be relate with DFFITS as: (SDFBETA)i = 3.18 The ith observation is influential if (SDFBETA)i Diagnostic measures based on group deletion approach This section includes the detail of group deleted measures which are used to identify the multiple influential observations in Poisson regression model. Multiple influential observations can misfit the data and can create the masking or swamping effect. Diagnostics based on group deletion are effective for identification of multiple influential observations and are free from masking and swamping effect in the data. These measures are generalized standardized Pearson residual (GSPR), generalized difference of fits (GDFFITS) and generalized squared difference in Beta(GSDFBETA). 3.3.1 Generalized standardized Pearson residual (GSPR) Imon and Hadi (2008) introduced GSPR to identify multiple outliers and it is defined as: i 3.19 = i 3.20 Where are respectively the diagonal elements of V and H (hat matrix) of remaining group. Observations corresponding to the cases |GSPR| > 3 are considered as outliers. 3.3.2 Generalized difference of fits (GDFFITS) GDFFITS statistic can be expressed in terms of GSPR (Generalized standardized Pearson residual) and GWs (generalized weights). GWs is denoted by and defined as: for i 3.21 = for i 3.22 A value having is larger than, Median (MAD ( is considered to be influential i.e > Median (MAD ( Finally GDFFITS is defined as (GDFFITS)i= 3.23 We consider the observation as influential if GDFFITSi 3 3.3.3 Generalized squared difference in Beta (GSDFBETA) In order to identify the multiple outliers in dataset and to overcome the masking and swamping effect GSDFBETA is defined as: GSDFBETAi = for i 3.24 = for i 3.25 Now the generalized GSDFBETA can be re-expressed in terms of GSPR and GWs: GSDFBETAi = for i 3.26 = for i 3.27 A suggested cut-off value for the detection of influential observation is GSDFBETA

The Success of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) :: Business Economics

The Success of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) On January 1, of 1994 a new approach to trade amongst North American countries took effect. With the aid of the United States Congress, President Bill Clinton was able to form a contract between The North American Countries of Canada, Mexico, and The United States of America. This contract, known as the North American Free Trade Agreement (or Nafta for short) was designed with many economic results in mind. Hopes were that not only would trade be easier, cheaper, and more abundant for all countries evolved, but economic wealth and growth would follow. Support for Nafta was split among most citizens of this country. One side seeing the proposal as having the potential for great economic success in each country involved. The other announcing that this plan would prove to be terribly detrimental to United States employment. Nearly six years after coming into effect the question still remains Is Nafta in the best interest of the United States? And what can we expect of it in the fu ture? Since the implication of free trade between the three countries of North America back in 1994 the effects of that agreement are just now becoming apparent, both short term and long term. There was little doubt as to how both Canada and most definitely Mexico would benefit from Nafta. What was yet to be seen was the impact it had on previous concerns of the United States.(Contesting Globalization) Most economists and even ordinary citizens could understand Canada and Mexico’s enthusiasm when free trade, destroying tariffs, was proposed. After all, the United States has long been the major consumer of exported goods in both countries. No longer having to pay taxes on goods imported into the United States meant larger sales and more profits for all Canadian and Mexican businesses. These profits were foreseen as perpetual economic boosts in their respective country. These boosts created opportunities for more workers to be hired, lowering unemployment and helping to improve t he quality of life of citizens in both countries. Not only did removing the tariffs make it possible for companies and manufacturers of Canada and Mexico to increase profits it also lowered to price of foreign goods. These new lower prices were now able to compete with the domestic products in the United States.

Nstp 1 Essay

Taking up NSTP 1 is fun and informative at the same time. I have learned many things from the beginning of the lecture about the bill of rights, up to the last meeting . Also I learned much about the environment and known whatever I learned there, will never be forgotten just that I should be able to apply the knowledge I have acquired. Before , I thought that disasterjust cause destruction to human lives and material but the truth is it also disrupts the function of society. I also found out that the reason why disaster occur is not onlybecause of the climate change or unbalanced ecosystem, but also because of the â€Å"low level of political and social organization â€Å" , which has been discussed by Mr. Abraham so I realized, in order to prevent disasters, we should be united, organized and start doing good things for the environment. Ihad a lots of fun listening to the lecture about drugs too, although I have completely made up my mind not to take any harmful dgurs, the informatio have lheard will be of great help. I will be more careful not to trust strangers,now that I know that there is ROHYPNOL, the ‘Date Rape Drug’ which cause amnesia, fatigue, dizziness to the victim. I really enjoyed the lessons about Disaster and Risk Management, I learned about how to be safe in times of disasters like earthquakes,tsunami and many more. In NSTP 1 , I have been taught to be responsible adult. The last lecture encourage memore participate since it is in factone of our basic human rights which we often neglect. I also made up my mind that I will be taking for NSTP II because I want to help children and share what I know without asking for anythingin return. By doing simple things, we can contribute to our nation’s development because remember that big things come from small things.

Biography of Serial Killer Westley Allen Dodd

Biography of Serial Killer Westley Allen Dodd In 1989, Westley Allen Dodd sexually assaulted and killed three boys ages 11, 10 and four. His methods were so heinous, that forensic psychologists dubbed him one of the evilest killers in history. Westley Dodds Childhood Years Westley Allan Dodd was born in Washington State on July 3, 1961. Dodd grew up in what has been described as a loveless home and was often neglected by his parents in favor of his two younger brothers. At age 13, Dodds began exposing himself to children passing by his house. Realizing the dangers of getting caught, he started bicycling around the streets looking for opportunities to expose himself. His parents, distracted by their own problems of getting divorced, were aware of Dodds strange sexual behavior but avoided confronting the boy about it or getting him help. Even less attention was given to Westley after his parents divorced. His desires expanded from exhibitionism to physical contact. He first molested those closest to him. His younger cousins, ages six and eight and the child of a woman his father was dating, became regular victims of his growing perversions. Entrusted Caretaker of Children Dodd grew up to be a good-looking, fairly intelligent and personable teenager. These qualities helped him in finding part-time jobs where he was entrusted with the care of children. He would often babysit for his neighbors, seizing the private time to molest the children he was caring for as they slept. He worked as a camp counselor during the summer months, taking advantage of childrens trust and admiration for him. Dodd spent most of his teen years devising new and better ways to abuse children, putting any child that came near him at potential risk of being abused. He learned how to combine the adult persona with a sense of conspiratorial camaraderie to completely control his young, innocent victims. He could cajole them into playing doctor or dare them to go skinny-dipping with him. He took advantage of their natural curiosity and often normalized what he did by offering it as a grown-up treat. But Dodd could not master not being caught. On the contrary, he got caught a lot molesting kids, starting with his first arrest at 15 for exposing himself. Tragically nothing much was ever done, but to remand him to professional counseling. Refining His Techniques The older he got the more desperate he became to find victims. He discovered he could use more force and less cajoling and began approaching children in parks, demanding that they follow him into a secluded area or that they remove their clothing. In 1981, after a failed attempt to capture two little girls was reported to the police, Dodds joined the Navy. That did not stop his pedophiliac desires which were growing into sadistic fantasies. While stationed in Washington he began hunting children who lived on the base, prowling the nearby movie theater restrooms and arcades in his spare time. A Failed System After the Navy, he got a job at a paper mill. His debased proclivities never ceased to occupy most of his thoughts and purpose. Once he offered a group of boys $50 to accompany him to a nearby motel to play strip poker. He was arrested, but the charges were dropped even though he admitted his intentions to molest them to the authorities. Not much later he was arrested again for attempted molestation and served 19 days in jail and was again ordered to seek counseling. This wouldnt be the last time Dodd was caught. In fact, it could almost appear as if he wanted to be caught after being arrested several other times for assaulting the children of friends and neighbors. But as usual, Dodds penalties rarely added up to any real jail time because many parents were reluctant to put their traumatized child through the court system. In the meantime, Dodds fantasies were escalating and he began to carefully plan his attacks. He kept a diary, filling its pages with his morbid fantasies of what he would like to do to his future victims. Diary Excerpts Incident 3 will die maybe this way: Hell be tied down as Lee was in Incident 2. Instead of placing a bag over his head as had previously planned, Ill tape his mouth shut with duct tape. Then, when ready, Ill use a clothespin or something to plug his nose. That way I can sit back, take pictures and watch him die instead of concentrating on my hands or the rope tight around his neck that would also eliminate the rope burns on the neck . . . I can clearly see his face and eyes now... He suspects nothing now. Will probably wait until morning to kill him. That way his body will be fairly fresh for experiments after work. Ill suffocate him in his sleep when I wake up for work (if I sleep). The Crimes Possibly the fact that he had now molested about 30 children with impunity helped Westley go a step further towards violence. His yearnings became increasingly difficult to control, and his fantasies darker. He went from sketching torture racks to actually building one. He stopped cajoling and persuading and began ordering. He began to tie up his victims. He became consumed with thoughts of torture, mutilation, and cannibalism. The Desire to Kill In 1987, at age 26, he could no longer ignore his desires to kill his victims. He made up his mind to do it. His first attempt failed when the eight-year-old boy Dodds lured into the woods managed to escape back to where his mother sat. He told his mother to call the police and Dodd was apprehended. Dodd received yet another slap on the wrist, in spite of the fact that prosecutors stressed his history of sex crimes. He served 118 days in jail and one-year probation. His fantasies sunk to new depths, and he began to depersonalize his targets, thinking of them as it, rather than he or she. He wrote in his diary, if I can just get it home.... On Labor Day weekend at David Douglas Park, he hid beside a trail. His plans were frustrated by hikers, watchful parents and by the whimsy of the children themselves, who would come tantalizingly close, only to dart down a side path or skip back the other way from where he hid. Dodd gave up, but the pressure to indulge his perverse and twisted desire to molest and kill a young child was overpowering and he returned to the park in the early evening hours, determined not to fail. The Neer Brothers Billy, 10, and his big brother Cole, 11, were late getting home from collecting golf balls from the local golf course, so decided to take the shortcut through the park. They came upon Dodd, blocking their way on the dirt trail. Dodd did not waste time and ordered the boys to follow him. The boys did as instructed, possibly out of fear when realizing the usually busy park was deserted so late in the day. Once off the trail, it took Dodd only 20 minutes to molest the boys, stab them and clean up the evidence. Cole took most of the abuse, probably in an attempt to save his younger brother, but nothing could save either boy from the pure evil which possessed Dodd. Dodd slashed at the boys and believing both boys were dead, he took off. Billy was found first, still alive, but he would die shortly after being taken to the hospital. Coles body was found several hours later after the Neers reported that their sons were missing and authorities knew to look for a second child. At first, Dodd worried that police would somehow link him to the murder of the Neer brothers, but Dodds unspeakable lusts were only heightened by his successful kills. His monstrous thoughts reached new depths of depravity. He pondered the greater thrill of castrating a young boy and watching the child bleed to death, or to keep him alive so that Dodd could cook the victims genitals in front of him and force feed them to the child. Possibly, he considered, the terror would actually be worse if Dodd himself ate them in front of their previous owner. Lee Iseli When Dodd realized that the police had no leads in the murders of the Neer boys, he began to plan his next move. He drove across the bridge to Portland, Oregon and cruised the parks and playgrounds, having some near misses. He finally went to a movie theater, but no opportunity to abduct a child presented itself. The next day he went to Richmond School Playground. Some older kids were playing football, but he noticed four-year-old Lee Iseli playing alone on a slide. Dodd asked little Lee if he wanted to have some fun and make some money. Lee - who had been taught not to talk to strangers - said no, but Dodd grabbed his hand and started toward his car. When Lee began to resist, Dodd told him not to worry, that Lees father had sent Dodd to pick him up. Inside Dodds apartment, Lee was subjected to unimaginable acts of abuse and torture, all carefully documented by Dodds with pictures and entries in his diary. The morning after his capture, Dodds hung Lee Iseli to death in his closet before heading off to work. He took photographs of the little boy dying and hanging dead, hid the body behind some blankets and left. After work, he made an entry in his diary that he would, have to find a place to dump the garbage, meaning the tiny tortured body of Lee Iseli. He decided to leave the boy by the Van Couver Lake and burn any evidence, except for the childs Ghostbusters underpants. Robert Iseli, Lees father, still had hope. Although Lee had been missing for several days, Mr. Iseli made a public statement expressing the hope that Lee had been taken by a lonely, but kindly person, but on the morning of November 1, 1989, all hope ended after the body of Lee Iseli was found. Capture and Confession Dodd, avoiding the local parks, decided that movie theaters would be a good place to hunt his next victim. He went to the New Liberty Theater and waited for a young child to go unattended to the restroom. He managed to get the screaming six-year-old boy outside but was captured by William Ray Graves, the boyfriend of the childs mother. Dodd was interrogated by police from Washington and Oregon, as a suspect in the murders of the Neer brothers and Lee Iseli. At first, he denied having any knowledge about the children and maintained that he only meant to molest the child from the theater. Then his whole attitude changed and he confessed to the murders, delighting in revealing the shocking details. He directed police to his diary, Lee Iselis Ghostbusters briefs, the incriminating photos, and the unused torture rack. Trial and Prosecution Dodd was charged with three counts of first-degree murder plus the attempted kidnapping from the New Liberty Theater. Against his lawyer’s advice, he pleaded not guilty but later changed that to guilty. It was up to a jury to decide the penalty. The district attorney made it clear the verdict he expected. He told the jury, He planned child murders. He committed child murders. He relived and fantasized child murders. With life in prison without the possibility of parole, two of those things are still available to him. The jury was then shown the diary, pictures, and other evidence. Dodds defense called no witnesses and presented no evidence. Dodds attorney, Lee Dane, did offer that no sane person would be capable of these heinous crimes. Dodd received the death sentence on July 15, 1990. No Appeals Dodd refused to appeal his death penalty and chose to hang as the method of execution, claiming he wanted to experience what Lee Iseli had experienced. He told the court, I must be executed before I have an opportunity to escape or kill someone within the prison. If I do escape, I promise you I will kill and rape and enjoy every minute of it. When You Meet a Stranger His date of execution was set for January 5, 1993. He received a lot of attention because no legal hanging had been done in the U.S. since 1965. Dodd enjoyed telling his story to the media and he wrote a pamphlet on how to avoid child molesters entitled When You Meet a Stranger. During the months before his execution, Dodds seemingly turned to the Bible for comfort. During one of his interviews, he said, I believe what the Bible teaches: Ill go to Heaven. I have doubts, but Id really like to believe that I would be able to go up to the three little boys and give them a hug and tell them how sorry I was and be able to love them with a real true love and have no desire to hurt them in any way. Last Words Westley Allan Dodd was executed at 12:05 a.m. on June 5, 1993. His final statement was, I was once asked by somebody, I dont remember who, if there was any way sex offenders could be stopped. I said, No. I was wrong. I was wrong when I said there was no hope, no peace. There is hope. There is peace. I found both in the Lord, Jesus Christ. Look to the Lord, and you will find peace. There were no apologies for his crimes, no obvious look of remorse. Outside the prison, those who were in support of the execution could be heard chanting rhymes like What the heck stretch his neck while the non-supporters wept at the news that his execution had gone on as planned.

The Role of the Government

The Role of the Government Free Online Research Papers Many believe that our government has absolutely no ethics in decision making at all. With so many government issues that are going on right now, it is clear that there is a lack of ethics being applied in the decision making. One of the reasons why many people feel that our government has no ethics is due to the lack of understanding of it. The true meaning of ethics is the study of right and wrong. In other words, â€Å"ethics is a descriptive discipline, involving the collection and interpretation of data on what people from various cultures believe, without any consideration for the appropriateness or reasonableness of those beliefs† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 5). The laws and ethics work together to set forth guidelines by which the American people shall adhere to. Many people of society believe that there is not a need for ethics because of the law system that is in place. They believe that the law system fully covers and protect the rights of the people. People need to understand that our laws are â€Å"not possible without ethics† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 4). Before the law can be enacted a decision of whether an act was right or wrong needs to be made and this is where ethics comes along. All situations need to be observed so that a conclusion can be made to form a better moral perspective before a reasonable judgment can be made. Ethical decisions must be made on a daily basis in all areas to include: â€Å"Education, Media and the Arts, Sex, Government, Law, Business, Medicine, Science, and War† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 149). Governmental officials can play an important role in nurturing ethical conduct in American democracy. Society should have trust and confidence in the governments’ ability to protect the public interest. They are responsible for implementing and enforcing high ethical standards. The Office of Government Ethics (OGE) was established by the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. It later became its’ own agency as part of the Office of Government Ethics Reauthorization Act of 1988, on 1 October 1989. This agency exercises â€Å"leadership in the executive branch to prevent conflicts of interest on the part of Government employees and to resolve those conflicts of interest that do occur.† Our laws, regulations, and ethical principles are implemented and enforced by the government. Appointed leaders must ensure that their arguments include a quality of evidence to support the decisions that are being made. The American people expect all leaders and officials to be competent and abide by the same standards that are set for them. All undesirable behaviors or actions are to be regulated by the provisions of the ethics codes. Unbecoming actions or violations will be dealt with in accordance with the laws, policies, and regulations that are in place. â€Å"Effective codes are directed at prevention, providing guidelines for ethical behavior and eliminating opportunities for unethical practices† (1998, March, p. 5). As part of ensuring the resolution of such issues is enforced, the government officials are expected to set a higher standard by which they live. The Executive Order 12674 (of April 12, 1989) clearly defines the objective of the Principles of Ethical Conduct by which all government officials are ordered to adhere to. Section 101, of the Executive Order 12674 (of April 12, 1989), says that the government officials are â€Å"to ensure that every citizen can have complete confidence in the integrity of the Federal Government† (1989, April, p. 1). The people of America cannot have such confidence unless their government officials are also adhering to the standards of conduct set forth for their office. The integrity, honesty, and loyalty that the government portrays will have a positive effect on the American people who are looking to them for guidance and structure. The confidence of the American people can only be enhanced by the strength, wisdom, and respect of the leaders which are appointed above them. According to a 1997 Peter Hart/Robert Teeter poll taken for the Council for Excellence In Government, â€Å"citizens have more confidence in their local governments than in the state or federal governments† (see chart above) (1998, March, p. 14). These findings may be due to the lack of ethical standards that some leaders may possess. The government is responsible for providing leaders who are competent and portray the principles by which they are obligated to fulfill. Leaders must strive to avoid any action that would create the appearance that they are violating the law or ethical standards. In doing this they will increase the level of confidence and respect that the American people currently have towards the governments and their ability to handle any ethical issues that may be at hand in the future. Individuals are encouraged to report any suspected cases of illegal, unethical, or immoral misconduct that may be occurring. â€Å"Internal disclosure policies/procedures (IDPP’’s) have been recommended as on e way to encourage such communication† (Barnette, T., Cochran, D., Taylor, G., 1993, p.1). Although these policies/procedures may be in place, employees can often deal with possible repercussions such as â€Å"blacklisting, transfer, and harassment† (Bowman, J., Elliston, F., 1998, p. 3). Such techniques can result in the possible dismissal of the individual reporting possible violations. Reprisals are not unheard of during times when accusations are being made. Some common methods used are ostracism, demotion, and termination of employment. Other consequences that may be suffered may include divorce, stress, hardship, and even taking ones’ own life. People who try to do the right thing and are faced with this type of treatment often do not know how to deal with the possible effects and lose their dignity. Efforts to protect conscientious employees against reprisals need to be emphasized. Those with knowledge of misconduct need to provide specific facts and details concerning the incident. Appropriate actions, consistent with law and policy, can then be determined for the suspected misconduct. They must take into careful consideration whether or not the conduct is of threat to the public and society. Many employees are not aware of the policies and laws that have been adopted to protect them from any retaliation for the employer. The Whistleblower Protection Act protects employees who call attention to violations, help with enforcement proceedings, or refuse to obey unlawful directions. This act is defined as: â€Å"The disclosure by organization members (former or current) of illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices under the control of their employers, to persons or organizations that may be able to effect action† or â€Å"A dissenting act of public accusation against an organization, which necessities being disloyal to that organization† (Bather, A. Kelly, M., 2005, p. 4). These concerns can be handled either internally or externally. Most can be handled internally if they have good policies in place. If the internal system is lacking the power to resolve the reported incident, they can seek to take the report to an external agency for further investigation. The importance of consequences and penalties for violators of laws, policies, and regulations is imperative. People tend to do things and behave in ways that are unpredictable or dangerous. To come to a fair judgment â€Å"all significant consequences must be identified-the indirect as well as the direct, the subtle as well as the obvious, the unintended as well as the intended, the delayed as well as the immediate, the emotional and intellectual as well as the physical† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 119-120). Making quick judgments or decisions without giving a proper analysis could cause you to come to a conclusion that is not just. Without the enactment of our laws, policies, and regulations the public would become corrupt. Society, as we know it, would become more interested in what is in the best interest of the individual and not the greater good of the people as a whole. The crime rate would increase dramatically due to the fact that they would not be persecuted for their wrong doings. In order for our public officials to be competent in their position and able to determine how to resolve complex situations, they must first be educated and properly trained. Training is made available on the Internet through an interactive ethics training game entitled Quandaries. â€Å"California law requires that Members of the Legislature, legislative employees and registered lobbyists take an ethics training course once every two years† (1998, March). It is imperative that our public officials have an understanding of and know the laws that coincide with the important decisions they have to make. Ethics Education Offered by California Cities and Counties | Cities Offering Ethics Classes | Counties Offering Ethics Classes | For elected officials – 4 | For elected officials – 3 | For city staff – 6 | For city staff – 3 | Cities with Ethics Handbooks – 6 | Counties with Ethics Handbooks – 1| Source: CRB Survey Sample, 1996-97 | Although our public officials are required such training, there are still few jurisdictions who do not offer such an opportunity to their employees or officials. â€Å"Lack of training leaves agency officials at risk of unintentionally violating ethics standards, thereby undermining the agency’s substantive work and exposing officials to bad publicity, investigation and possible prosecution† (1998, March). Making mistakes like this due to the lack of training can be frustrating to the official and they can be faced with moral dilemmas. Moral dilemmas are â€Å"any predicament that arises from the impossibility of honoring all the moral values that deserve honoring† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 124-125). Without the proper education of ethics or training that is related, a person cannot fully comprehend the situation at hand. People would then make decisions based on their own personal or religious beliefs, instead of the way that is more acceptable. Our leaders need to know the importance of any obligation, value, or consequence that should be considered when determining the dilemma they care dealing with. Our leaders are faced with many dilemmas which raise the issue of ethical standards. They are entrusted to make difficult decisions with regard to the greater good of the people. Officials must consider behavior in various situations to determine the actual intent was to act ethically or unethically. When they are evaluating these dilemmas, they should â€Å"consider first whether it can be avoided altogether; in other words, whether it is a true dilemma or only an apparent one† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 125). The decision-making process of the individuals faced with choices involving ethical issues is complex. The decisions are based on whether one alternative is of the greater good than the other or the lesser of evil. Each situation should be dealt with fairness and justice. When addressing any issue that may or may not be an ethical situation you must use a tactful approach to give a proper analysis and make an appropriate decision. First, a person needs to study all information and details related to the issue. If there are some details that are unavailable you must consider what may have been or what the possibility may or may have not been. Secondly, you must decide what information may be relevant to the issue at hand. Considering any obligations that may be tied to the criteria can give you information that may have been overlooked. Any ideals related to the issue can help you to have a better understanding of the situation and how to handle it better. All consequences must be considered when giving a through analysis of the issue. Third, you have to come up with a possible course of action. Look at the alternatives that may have been there or alternative responses that could have been enacted in the situation. Keep an open mind to all situations s o that you are not making a biased decision. Last but not least, you must decide whether or not one action is more ethical than the other. You must look at all the information, evidence, and other criteria related to the situation and decide which alternative is ethically preferable. â€Å"If two actions produce good or two produce harm, choose the one that produces the greater good or the lesser harm† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 151). If you follow these steps every time you are faced with a dilemma you can feel assured that you have made a sound judgment and it is justifiable. Although many of the American people believe that the government has no ethics in decision-making, they do not see the bigger picture. Our government officials are ultimately responsible for the fair and impartial resolutions to the dilemmas they are faced with on a daily basis. The government offers ethics education and training to give employees an understanding of what may or may not be an ethical act or behavior. This will enable those individuals with a more clear view of the situations they may be faced with so that they can have sound judgment when making their decisions. The laws and ethics work together to set forth guidelines by which the American people shall adhere to. Without them, society as we know it could become chaotic and without moral values. We must â€Å"keep speculating, keep examining, keep questioning† (Ruggiero, 2008, p. 147) in order to make progress in our understanding of ethics. References Barnett, T., Cochran, D. Taylor, G. (1993, February). The Internal Disclosure Policies of Private-Sector Employers: An Initial Look at Their Relationship to Employee Whistleblowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 12 (2). Retrieved April 25, 2010, from http://springerlink.com/content/x265q448h0406874/ Bather, A. Kelly, M. (2005). Whistleblowing: The advantages of self-regulation. (Department of Accounting Working Paper Series, Number 82). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato. Bowman, J. Elliston, F. (Eds.) (1998). Ethics, Government, and Public Policy: A Reference Guide. New York: Greenwood Press. California Research Bureau, California State Library. (1998, March). Local Government Ethics Ordinances in California. Retrieved April, 2010, from library.ca.gov/crb/98/02/98002.pdf Ruggiero, V. (2008). Thinking critically about ethical issues. (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. United States Office of Government Ethics (usoge.gov/common_ethics_issues/general_principles.aspx) United States Office of Government Ethics. (1989, April) Executive Order 12674. Retrieved April 24, 2010, from usoge.gov/laws_regs/exec_orders/eo12674.pdf Research Papers on The Role of the GovernmentMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)PETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Ethics and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics and society - Essay Example In order for one to determine the true nature of human happiness, it is essential to take note of the function of human beings. This is so because an individual’s happiness consists of the fulfillment of the natural function, in the direction towards which his being is focused. The natural function in question should be something that is essential and unique to human beings. The rational part of the soul is as important as the spirited parts. The rational part is what is used to determine an individual’s identity. This translates to mean that the happiness of human beings is depicted in the activity of the soul, whether the spirited part or the rational part. This kind of activity is normally expressed through ethical virtues or rather, it is expressed when one focuses his actions according to reason. Aristotle, in his book says that friendship is defined by the principles of virtue and goodness. When people recognize the virtues in each other, they may become true frie nds. The nature of friendship is determined by the motive of individuals to become friends in the first place. Real friendship is accompanied by great understanding of each other, and this in turn is a great source of happiness. Every human being loves to feel cared for by another person. Another reason to believe that friendship based on good is indeed a necessary part of happiness is that it is accompanied by mutual respect and trust, as well as support and selfless cooperation with each other. All these things are part of what makes human beings happy. Without such virtues found in true friendship, then human beings would have empty souls. Aristotle candidly states that friendship based on good cannot be separated from happiness, that is, having friends is by all means part and parcel of being happy. There may be no limit or minimum of the number of true friends that one may need in order to be happy. However, Aristotle says that an individual can have close friendship with an ex tremely limited number of people simultaneously. Friendship is by all means an important part of human life. Aristotle says, â€Å"there are three types of friendship: friendship based on pleasure, usefulness and virtue (Book VIII Chapter 3).† Friendship based on virtue is the only genuine friendship. Friendship based on either usefulness or pleasure tends not to last for long. This means that it will only last for as long as each individual or party derives the pleasure or usefulness he wants from the relationship. Friendship based on the good translates to friendship based on virtues. Virtue based friendship entails wishing good for other people. This kind of friendship is indeed genuine and is necessary for all individuals to be able to grow holistically and gain self-knowledge. Friendship based on good presupposes justice, encompassed in many other virtues. The most outstanding virtue of a friend is love. Aristotle posits interestingly that the existing relationship betwe en friends is more like the harmonious relationship between the different parts of the soul of a man of virtue. Aristotle views friendship as being equivalent to self-love. This may seem as though he is advocating for some sought of egoism. Aristotle is quick to rule out this conclusion by outlining the distinction between the good and the negative forms of self-love. Aristotle argues that real or true self-love

Cultural Issues in Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Issues in Public Schools - Essay Example Before going to discuss cultural issues in public schools and their association with anthropology, let us get a better understanding of what culture actually is. Culture represents customs and traditions, which people belonging to any specific country or society adopt. If we talk about culture with respect to the concept of culture in public schools, we can say that culture of public schools depends on the overall culture of a country. If a country is diverse ethnically and culturally, the culture of the public schools will also be diverse which will raise cultural issues in the schools along with some benefits for the students. The thesis statement of this paper is that ‘Cultural issues that occur in public schools of culturally diverse countries affect the overall culture of the public schools’. Cultural Issues in Public Schools Cultural issues in public schools refer to those issues, which occur between the students belonging to different cultures and societies. â€Å"Cultural diversity in the classroom opens the minds of students to an enriching experience† (Borkar, 2010). .In a society having the diverse culture, different kinds of cultural issues occur along with benefits for students. Some of the common examples of cultural issues in public schools include the low level of understanding between students, discrimination, and language proficiency.